The Thirteenth Dalai Lama, Tubten Gyatso, was forced into exile due to the British invasion led by Colonial Francis Younghusband in 1904. He fled to Mongolia and proceeded to Beijing. Shortly after his return to Lhasa, the Chinese invaded Tibet, and he had to escape once again, this time to Darjeeling, returning in 1912. Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, he declared Tibet's independence in 1913 and brought in an era of political and social reform.